Determiner, Question Tag, Reflexive Pronouns, Causative Verb

Nama        :  Novia Nurul Huda
NPM         :  25212400
Kelas         :  3EB02
Tugas        :  Bahasa Inggris 2#

DETERMINER

          A determiner is a word, phrase or affix that occurs together with a noun or noun phrase and serves to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context. That is, a determiner may indicate whether the noun is referring to a definite or indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant element, to an element belonging to a specified person or thing, to a particular number or quantity, etc. Common kinds of determiners include definite and indefinite articles (like the English the and a or an), demonstratives (this and that), possessive determiners (my and their), and quantifiers (many, few and several).

         Most determiners have been traditionally classed along with adjectives, and this still occurs: for example, demonstrative and possessive determiners are sometimes described as demonstrative adjectives and possessive adjectives respectively. However, modern theorists[1] of grammar prefer to distinguish determiners as a separate word class from adjectives, which are simple modifiers of nouns, expressing attributes of the thing referred to. This distinction applies particularly in languages like English that use definite and indefinite articles, frequently as a necessary component of noun phrases – the determiners may then be taken to be a class of words that includes the articles as well as other words that function in the place of articles. (The composition of this class may depend on the particular language’s rules of syntax; for example, in English the possessives my, your etc. are used without articles and so can be regarded as determiners, whereas their Italian equivalents mio etc. are used together with articles and so may be better classed as adjectives.) Not all languages can be said to have a lexically distinct class of determiners.

Types of determiners
– Articles
– Demonstratives
– Possessives
– Quantifiers
– Numerals
– Distributives
– Interrogatives

Examples:
General Determiner
– Indefinite article (a atau an)
She is looking for a job in Jakarta.
– Guantifier (many, few, little, some, any)
Please give me a little sugar.
– Distributive (all, every, both)
All your erasers are on the pencil case.
– Difference word (other, another)
May I have another sandals?

Specific Determiner
– Definite article (the)
Did he enjoy the show?
– Demonstrative adjective (this, that, these, those)
Those bananas are so yellow.
– Possessive adjective (my, your, his, her, its, our, dan their)
Your clothes is in the laundry basket.

Function of a Determiners

A determiner can take on a number of different meanings and roles in a sentence. The determiner is used in every case to clarify the noun.

• They may be used to demonstrate or define something or someone.

Quantifiers state how many of a thing, in number or expression. A determiner is used to show that the noun indicated is a specific one (that one), not an unspecific one (any).

• They may also state the differences between nouns.

While determiners may have a number of other functions, most of them are related to these two key areas. The list of determiners only numbers about 50 words, and all of these words are commonly used by most individuals. Determiners are not difficult to get the grasp of when contrasted with adjectives, and do not take too long for native English speakers to grasp. After all, how many times have you had trouble deciding whether to say “the” or “a”? 

QUESTION TAG

A question tag or tag question (also known as tail question) is a grammatical structure in which a declarative statement or an imperative is turned into a question by adding an interrogative fragment (the “tag”). For example, in the sentence “You’re John, aren’t you?”, the statement “You’re John” is turned into a question by the tag “aren’t you”. The term “question tag” is generally preferred by British grammarians, while their American counterparts prefer “tag question”.

Basic Shapes

In summary, the basic form of Question Tag is as follows: If a statement (statement) are arranged in the form of a positive, structured question in the negative. Conversely, if a negative statement, the question is arranged in a positive form. The pattern can be described as follows:

Statement	Question Tag
(+)	(-)
Snow is white,	is not it?
(-)	(+)
You do not like badminton,	do you?

Variation Form 

Form of question tags tailored to the verb or auxiliary verb in a statement. If the form of nominal sentence, we use is, am, are, was, or were. However, if it is a verbal sentence, we use do, does and did. Additionally question tags are used, adapted to the tenses used in the sentence. Therefore, the addition of the tag question should really pay attention to sentence tenses origin.

Examples:
– The man isn’t wicked, is he?
– The man is wicked, isn’t he?
– Sifa hasn’t finished her homework, has she?
– Has finished her homework, hasn’t she?

CAUSATIVE VERB

Causative verbs express an action which is caused to happen. In other words, when I have something done for me I cause it to happen. In other words, I do not actually do anything, but ask someone else to do it for me.

Make
‘Make’ as a causative verb expresses the idea that the person requires another person to do something.
Construction Chart
Subject + Make + Person + Base Form of Verb
Examples:
Vanny made her daughter eat up the potatoes.
The manager makes her staff work hard.

Have

‘Have’ as a causative verb expresses the idea that the person wants something to be done for them. This causative verb is often used when speaking about various services. There are two forms of the causative verb ‘have’.

Construction Chart: Use 1
Subject + Have + Person + Base Form of Verb
Examples:
They had John arrive early.
She had her children cook dinner for her.
Construction Chart: Use 2
Subject + Have + Object + Past Participle
Examples:
I had my nail cut last wednesday.
He had the car washed at the weekend.

Get

‘Get’ is used as a causative verb in a similar way as ‘have’ is used with the participle. This expresses the idea that the person wants something to be done for them. The causative verb is often used in a more idiomatic manner than ‘have’.

Construction Chart
Subject + Get + Person + Past Participle
Examples:
He got their house painted last month.
Fina got her car washed yesterday.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that is preceded or followed by the noun, adjective, adverb or pronoun to which it refers (its antecedent) within the same clause. In generative grammar, a reflexive pronoun is an anaphor that must be bound by its antecedent (see binding). In a general sense, it is a noun phrase that obligatorily gets its meaning from another noun phrase in the sentence.[1] Different languages will have different binding domains for reflexive pronouns, according to their structure.

A reflexive pronoun is a special kind of pronoun that is usually used when the object of a sentence is the same as the subject. Each personal pronoun (such as “I”, “you” and “she”) has its own reflexive form:

• I — myself (intensive)
• you (singular) — yourself (intensive)
• he — himself (intensive)
• she — herself (intensive)
• one — oneself (intensive)
• it — itself (intensive)
• we — ourselves (reflexive)
• you (plural) — yourselves (reflexive)
• they — themselves (reflexive)

Note that they all have reflexive and intensive forms which depends on where they are in the sentence.
• Jim bought himself a book (reflexive)
• Jim himself bought a book (intensive)
• Asjad brought himself a book (reflexive)
• Asjad himself brought a book (intensive)

Intensive pronouns usually appear right near the subject of the sentence.

Examples:
– The cat is licking itself.
– The cat itself is licking.
– The students ate soup that they cooked by themselves.
– The students themselves ate soup that they cooked.

Referens :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-macam-contoh-kalimat-determiner

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_question

http://www.kursusmudahbahasainggris.com/2013/10/pengertian-bentuk-variasi-bentuk.html

http://esl.about.com/od/grammarstructures/a/causative.ht

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun